LOSS LEADER PRICING AS STRATEGY FOR SALES INCREASE
Loss leader pricing is an aggressive pricing strategy wherein a store sells certain goods below cost in order to attract customers who will, according to the loss leader philosophy, make up for the losses on highlighted products with additional purchases for profitable goods. Loss leader pricing is employed by retail businesses; a somewhat similar strategy sometimes employed by manufacturers is known as penetration pricing. Loss leader pricing is, in essence, a bid to lure customer traffic away from the businesses of retail competitors.
Retail stores employing this pricing strategy know that they will not make a profit on those goods that are earmarked as loss leaders. But such businesses reason that the use of such pricing mechanisms can sometimes attract large numbers of customers who would otherwise make their purchases elsewhere. In the world of e-commerce, loss leader strategies are intended to draw consumer traffic to the online retailer’s Web site.
In recent years, loss leader pricing has been practiced with considerable success, especially by large national discount retailers. The strategy is not without controversy, however. Indeed, many states have passed laws that severely limit – or explicitly forbid – selling products below cost. Lawsuits alleging that some loss leader pricing strategies amount to illegal business practices have increased in recent years, though the plaintiffs have not always been victorious. Opponents of loss leader pricing practices argue that the strategy is basically predatory in nature, designed to ultimately force competitors out of business.
Defenders of the practice contend that the loss leader pricing is simply one of the many measures that retail establishments take to increase in-store traffic and, ultimately, their financial well-being. They note that most countries’ antitrust and trade regulation statutes are designed to protect competition, not individual competitors, and that legitimate marketplace competition invariably results in economic winners and losers. The furor over the practice is not expected to subside any time soon, since many small businesses have been economically damaged over the past several years by larger competitors willing to take losses or razor-thin profit margins on some products in order to expand their customer bases.
Business experts note that suppliers sometimes object to loss leader pricing as well, despite the greater volume of sales that the practice often spurs within a given store. These increases may be offset by drops in sales at the stores of other clients. Such developments can strain the relations between supplier and customer, and in worst case scenarios, bring pressure on the supplier to lower its price for the good(s) in question. Loss leader pricing has its greatest impact, though, in the retail community. It is there that retailers may find themselves caught up in a downward spiral on price when one of them breaks rank and loss-leads on a product.
In recent years, retail industries have acknowledged a side effect of loss leader pricing known as “Cherry Picking”. This is a practice wherein customers move from store to store, making purchases only on those products that are priced near or below acquisition cost. Such purchasing patterns effectively foil the strategy underlying loss leader pricing – to lure customers who will also buy products with healthier profit margins – but to date the practice is not deemed to be sufficiently widespread as to be of concern.
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